... Bibliografía tumores oseos ...

Tumores óseos benignos

VOL. 77-A, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 1995, pp. 1756-1782 

Copyright 1995 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated

INSTRUCTIONAL COURSE LECTURES, THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS. BENIGN BONE TUMORS

By Gitelis, S., Wilkins, R., and Conrad, E. U., III

An Instructional Course Lecture, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Printed with permission of The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. This article will appear in Instructional Course Lectures, Volume 45, The American cademy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont, Illinois, March 1996.

No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Orthopedic Oncology, Rush Medical College, 1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 1063, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80262.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, RK-10, 1959 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washingt

 

Tumores osteogénicos

 
  1. Eckhardt, J. J.; Eilber, f. R; Dorey, F. J., y Mirra, J. M.: "The UCLA experience in limb salvage surgery for malignant tumors". Orthopaedics 9:612, 1986.
  2. Ennekin W. F.; Spanier, S. S., y Goodman, M. A.: 'A system for the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma". Clin. Orthop 153:106, 1980.
  3. Ennekin6 W. F.; Spanier, S. S., y Goodman, M. A.: "Current concepts review: the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma". J. Bone Joint Surg. 62A: 1027, 1980.
  4. Enneking W. F., y Shirley, P. O.: "Resection arthrodesis for malignant and potentially malignant lesions about the knee using an intramedullary rod and local bone grafts". J. Bone Joint Surg 59A:223, 1977.
  5. Friedman, M. A., y Carter, S.: ''The therapy of osteogenic sarcoma: current status and thought for the future". J. Surg. Oncol. 4:482, 1972.
  6. Goorin, A. M.: Abelson, H. T., y Frei, E.: ' Osteosarcoma: fifteen years later". N Engl. J. Med. 26: 1637, 1985.
  7. Lane, J. M.: Hurson, B.; Boland, P. J., y Glasser. D. B.: ''Osteogenic sarcoma". Clin. Orthop 204:93, 1986.
  8. Lewis, M. M., y Chekofsky, K.: "Proximal femur replacement for neoplastic diseases". Clin Orthop 171:72, 1982.
  9. Lewis, M. M., y Reilly, J. F.: 'Sports tumors''. Am. J. Sports. Med. 15:362, 1987.
  10. Lewis, M. M.: ' An approach to the treatment of malignant bone tumors". Orthopaedics 8:655, 1985.
  11. Lewis, M. M.: The use of an expandable and adjustable prosthesis in the treatment of childhood malignant bone tumors of the extremity". Cancer 57:499, 1986.
  12. Link. M. Goorin, A. Miser, A. Green, A. Pratt! C. y cols.: "The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of osteosarcoma of the extremity; preliminary results of the multi-institutional osteosarcoma study (MIOS)''. Procedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncologists 4:237, 1985, (abstract).
  13. ManEn, H. J., Lange, T. A., y Spanier, S. S.: "The hazards of biopsy in pabents with malignant primary bone and soft-tissue tumors". J. Bone Joint Surg 64:1121, 1982. 17.
  14. Marcove, R C., y Rosen, G.: "En bloc resection for osteogenic sarcoma". Cancer 45:3040, 1980.
  15. Marcove, R.; Lewis, M., y Huvos, A. G.: "En bloc upper humeral interscapulothoracic resection~ the Tikhoff-Lindberg procedure". Clin. Orthop 124:219, 1977.
  16. Mnaymneh, V.; Malinin, T. 1.; Makley, J. T., y Dick, H. M.: "Massive osteoarticular allografts in the reconstruction of extremities following resection of tumors not requiring chemotherapy and radiation". Clin Orthop 197:76, 1985.
  17. Rosen, G: Marcove, R. C.; Huvos, A. G., y cols.: Primary osteogenic sarcoma: eight years experience of adjuvant chemotherapy''. J. Cancer Res Clin. Oncol. 106:55, 1983.
  18. Sim, F. H., y Chao, E. Y. S.: "Prosthetic replacement of the knee and a large segment of the femur or tibia". J. Bone Joint Surg. 61A:887, 1979.
  19. Weiner, M.: Harris, M.; Lewis, M.. y Matlen, J.: "Osteosarcoma: A report on past and current treatment methods". Bull Hosp. Joint Dis, Orthopaedic Institute 45:32, 1985.

 

Osteosarcoma

  1. Baldini N. et al.: Expression of P-glycoprotein in high grade osteosarcomas in relation to clinical outcome.   N. Engl. J. Med. Vol 333. 1995. p1380-1385. 

  2. Damron Ta. and DJ Pritchard.:Current combined treatment of high grade osteosarcoma.   Oncology. Vol 9. 1995. p 327-343. 

  3. Eckhardt, J. J.; Eilber, f. R; Dorey, F. J., y Mirra, J. M.: "The UCLA experience in limb salvage surgery for malignant tumors". Orthopaedics 9:612, 1986.

  4. Ennekin6 W. F.; Spanier, S. S., y Goodman, M. A.: "Current concepts review: the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma". J. Bone Joint Surg. 62A: 1027, 1980.  

  5. Ennekin6 W. F.; Spanier, S. S., y Goodman, M. A.: 'A system for the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma". Clin. Orthop 153:106, 1980.  

  6. Enneking W. F., y Shirley, P. O.: "Resection arthrodesis for malignant and potentially malignant lesions about the knee using an intramedullary rod and local bone grafts". J. Bone Joint Surg 59A:223, 1977.

  7. Friedman, M. A., y Carter, S.: ''The therapy of osteogenic sarcoma: current status and thought for the future". J. Surg. Oncol. 4:482, 1972.  

  8. Goorin, A. M.: Abelson, H. T., y Frei, E.: ' Osteosarcoma: fifteen years later". N Engl. J. Med. 26: 1637, 1985.  

  9. H Takeshita et al. : Experimental models for the study of drug resistance in osteosarcoma: P-glycoprotein positive, murine  osteosarcoma cell lines. JBJS Vol 78-A. 1996. p 366-375. 

  10. Lane, J. M.: Hurson, B.; Boland, P. J., y Glasser. D. B.: ''Osteogenic sarcoma". Clin. Orthop 204:93, 1986.  

  11. Lewis, M. M., y Chekofsky, K.: "Proximal femur replacement for neoplastic diseases". Clin Orthop 171:72, 1982.  

  12. Lewis, M. M., y Reilly, J. F.: 'Sports tumors''. Am. J. Sports. Med. 15:362, 1987.  

  13. Lewis, M. M.: ' An approach to the treatment of malignant bone tumors". Orthopaedics 8:655, 1985.  

  14. Link. M. Goorin, A. Miser, A. Green, A. Pratt! C. y cols.: "The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of osteosarcoma of the extremity; preliminary results of the multi-institutional osteosarcoma study (MIOS)''. Procedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncologists 4:237, 1985, (abstract).  

  15. ManEn, H. J., Lange, T. A., y Spanier, S. S.: "The hazards of biopsy in pabents with malignant primary bone and soft-tissue tumors". J. Bone Joint Surg 64:1121, 1982. 17. Lewis, M. M.: The use of an expandable and adjustable prosthesis in the treatment of childhood malignant bone tumors of the extremity". Cancer 57:499, 1986.  

  16. Marcove, R C., y Rosen, G.: "En bloc resection for osteogenic sarcoma". Cancer 45:3040, 1980.  

  17. Marcove, R.; Lewis, M., y Huvos, A. G.: "En bloc upper humeral interscapulothoracic resection~ the Tikhoff-Lindberg procedure". Clin. Orthop 124:219, 1977.  

  18. Mnaymneh, V.; Malinin, T. 1.; Makley, J. T., y Dick, H. M.: "Massive osteoarticular allografts in the reconstruction of extremities following resection of tumors not requiring chemotherapy and radiation". Clin Orthop 197:76, 1985.  

  19. N Baldini et al.:  Expression of P-glycoprotein in high grade osteosarcomas in relation to clinical outcome. N. Engl. J. Med. Vol 333. 1995. p1380-1385. 

  20. Rosen, G: Marcove, R. C.; Huvos, A. G., y cols.: Primary osteogenic sarcoma: eight years experience of adjuvant chemotherapy''. J. Cancer Res Clin. Oncol. 106:55, 1983.  

  21. Sim, F. H., y Chao, E. Y. S.: "Prosthetic replacement of the knee and a large segment of the femur or tibia". J. Bone Joint Surg. 61A:887, 1979.  

  22. Takeshita H. et al.: Experimental models for the study of drug resistance in osteosarcoma: P-glycoprotein positive, murine  osteosarcoma cell lines. JBJS Vol 78-A. 1996. p 366-375.

  23. Weiner, M.: Harris, M.; Lewis, M.. y Matlen, J.: "Osteosarcoma: A report on past and current treatment methods". Bull Hosp. Joint Dis, Orthopaedic Institute 45:32, 1985.  


Tumores cartilaginosos

Condroblastoma

  1.  Ramappa AJ. et al.  JBJS. Ago 2000, Vol 82-A, Vol 8. p 1140

Fibroma desmoplástico

  1. D.J. Pritchard MD, A.G. Nascimento MD, and I.A. Peterson MD.: Local Control of Extra-Abdominal Desmoid Tumors.   JBJS Vol. 78-A No. 6. June 1996.  

Condrosarcoma

  1. Bauer HC, Brosjo O, Kreicbergs A, Lindholm J. Low risk of recurrence of enchondroma and low-grade chondrosarcoma in extremities: 80 patients followed for 2-25 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 1995;66:283-288.

  2. Berend KR, et al.  Association between ratio of matrix metalloproteinase-1 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and local recurrance, metastasis, and survival in human chondrosarcoma. JBJS Vol 80-A. No 1. Jan 1998.

  3. Bjornsson J, McLeod RA, Unni KK, Ilstrup DM, Pritchard DJ. Primary chondrosarcoma of long bones and limb girdles. Cancer. 1998;83:2105-2119.

  4. Davis AM, Bell RS, Badley EM, Yoshida K, Williams JI. Evaluating functional outcome in patients with lower extremity sarcoma. Clin Orthop. 1999;358:90-100.

  5. Fuchs B, Rock MG, Davis AM, et al. Functional evaluation of patients with sciatic nerve resection for malignant soft tissue tumor in the thigh. In: Program and abstracts of the 67th annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; March 15-19, 2000; Orlando, Fla. Paper No. 26.

  6. Harris IE, Leff AR, Gitelis S, Simon MA. Function after amputation, arthrodesis, or arthroplasty for tumors about the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:1477-1485.

  7. Healey JH, Marco R, Lane JM, Huvos AG, Kawai A. Intralesional excision of intramedullary low grade chondrosarcoma of the extremity In: Program and abstracts of the 67th annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; March 15-19, 2000; Orlando, Fla. Paper No. 27.

  8. Kawai A, Muschler GF, Lane JM, Otis JC, Healey JH. Prosthetic knee replacement after resection of a malignant tumor of the distal part of the femur: medium to long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:636-647.

  9. Lee FY. Mankin HJ. Fondren G. Gebhardt MC. Springfield DS. Rosenberg AE. Jennings LC. Chondrosarcoma of bone: an assessment of outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:326-338.

  10. Malawer MM, Chou LB. Prosthetic survival and clinical results with use of large-segment replacements in the treatment of high-grade bone sarcomas. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77:1154-1165.

  11. Malo M, Isler MH, Turcotte RE, et al. Functional evaluation and health status assessment in distal femoral endoprosthetic replacement for primary bone sarcoma. In: Program and abstracts of the 67th annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; March 15-19, 2000; Orlando, Fla. Paper No. 25.

  12. Simon MA, Aschliman MA, Thomas N, Mankin HJ. Limb-salvage treatment versus amputation for osteosarcoma of the distal end of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:1331-1337. 

 

Histogénesis vascular

Hemangiomas intraóseos

  1. Mendez AA,  Keret D, Robertsn W et al.   Massive Osteolysis of the femur (Gorham's disease): a case report and review of the literature.     J. Pediatric Orthopedics. Vol 9. 1989. p 604-608. 

  2.  Scott Weiner MD and Pravin Muniyappa.:   Surface hemangiomas presenting as bone lesions.  Orthopedics.  May 1999. Vol 2. No 5.  539.

  3. VW NG et al.: Preoperative endovascular embolisation of a vertebral hemangioma. JBJS. Vol 79-A. No 5. Sep 1997. p 808.   

Displasia fibrosa

  1. Weinstein L. Other skeletal diseases resulting from G Protein defects - fibrous dysplasia and McCune-Albright Syndrome. In: Bilizekian JP, Raiz LG, Rodan GA, eds. Principles of Bone Biology. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1996.
  2. Stanton RP, Montgomery BE. Fibrous dysplasia. Orthopedics. 1996;19:679-685.
  3. Chapurlat RD, Delmas PD, Liens D, Meunier PJ. Long-term effects of intravenous pamidronate in fibrous dysplasia of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12:1746-1752.
  4. Liens DP, Delmas D, Meunier PJ. Long-term effects of intravenous pamidronate in fibrous dysplasia of bone. Lancet 1994;343:953-954.
  5. Stanton RP and Montgomery BE .: Fibrous dysplasia.  Orthopedics. Vol 19. 1996. p 679-685.  
  6. Guille  JT .: Fibrous dysplasia of the proximal part of the femur.  Long term results of curettage and bone grafting and mechanical realignment.   JBJS.  Vol 80-A. No 5. May 1988. p 648.
  7. Shih HN et al. : Treatment of fibrous dysplasia involving the proximal femur.  Orthopedics. Dec 1998. Vol 21. No 12. p 1263.  

Tumores de células redondas pequeñas

Tumores de la familia del Ewing

  1. Abudu A, Mangham DC, Reynolds GM, et al.: Overexpression of p53 protein in primary Ewing's sarcoma of bone: relationship to tumour stage, response and prognosis. Br J Cancer 79 (7-8): 1185-9, 1999.

  2. Abudu A. et al. Tumor volume as a predictor of necrosis after chemotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma. JBJS Vol 81-B. 1999. p 317.

  3. Ahmad R, Mayol BR, Davis M, et al.: Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma. Cancer 85 (3): 725-31, 1999.

  4. Ambros IM, Ambros PF, Strehl S, et al.: MIC2 is a specific marker for Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Evidence for a common histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors from MIC2 expression and specific chromosome aberration. Cancer 67 (7): 1886-93, 1991.
    Bacci G, Ferrari S, Longhi A, et al.: Prognostic significance of serum LDH in Ewing's sarcoma of bone. Oncol Rep 6 (4): 807-11, 1999 Jul-Aug.

  5. Bacci G, Picci P, Mercuri M, et al.: Predictive factors of histological response to primary chemotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma. Acta Oncol 37 (7-8): 671-6, 1998.

  6. Barr FG, Chatten J, D'Cruz CM, Wilson AE, Nauta LE, Nycum LM, Biegel JA, Womer RB. Molecular assays for chromosomal translocations in the diagnosis of pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. JAMA 1995; 273: 553-7.

  7. Barr FG. Molecular biology and diagnosis of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Curso largo de Patología Molecular. US and Canadian Academy of Pathology. Annual Meeting. Orlando, EE.UU. Marzo 1997.
    Brodeur GM. Molecular pathology of human neuroblastomas. Sem Diagn Pathol 1994;11:118-125.

  8. Coffin CM, Dehner LP: Neurogenic tumors of soft tissue. In: Coffin CM, Dehner LP, O'Shea PA: Pediatric Soft Tissue Tumors: A Clinical, Pathological, and Therapeutic Approach. Baltimore, Md: Williams and Wilkins, 1997, pp 80-132.

  9. Collins BT, Cramer HM, Frain BE, et al.: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of metastatic Ewing's sarcoma with MIC2 (CD99) immunocytochemistry. Diagn Cytopathol 19 (5): 382-4, 1998.

  10. Contesso G, Llombart-Bosch A, Terrier P, Peydro-Olaya A, Henry-Amar M, Oberlin O, Habrand JL, Dubousset J, Tursz T, Spielmann M, et al. Does malignant small round cell tumor of the thoracopulmonary region (Askin tumor) constitute a clinicopathologic entity? An analysis of 30 cases with immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic support treated at the Institute Gustave Roussy. Cancer. 1992 Feb 15;69(4):1012-20.

  11. Cotterill SJ, Ahrens S, Paulussen M, et al.: Prognostic factors in Ewing's tumor of bone: analysis of 975 patients from the European Intergroup Cooperative Ewing's Sarcoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 18 (17): 3108-14, 2000.

  12. Craft A, Cotterill S, Malcolm A, et al.: Ifosfamide-containing chemotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma: The Second United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group and the Medical Research Council Ewing's Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 16 (11): 3628-33, 1998.

  13. Dagher R, Pham TA, Sorbara L, et al.: Molecular confirmation of Ewing sarcoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 23(4): 221-224, 2001.

  14. de Alava E, Kawai A, Fligman I, Healey JH, Huvos AG, Pardo-Mindán FJ, Gerald WL, Ladanyi M. Prognostic significance of EWS-FLI1 fusion transcript type in the Ewing family of tumors. US and Canadian Academy of Pathology. Annual Meeting. Orlando, EE.UU. Marzo 1997.

  15. de Alava E, Kawai A, Healey JH, et al.: EWS-FLI1 fusion transcript structure is an independent determinant of prognosis in Ewing's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 16 (4): 1248-55, 1998.

  16. de Alava E, Ladanyi M, Rosai J, Gerald WL. Detection of chimeric transcripts in desmoplastic small round cell tumor and related developmental tumors by RT-PCR. A specific diagnostic assay. Am J Pathol 1995;147:1584-1591.

  17. de Alava E, Patiño A, Lozano MD, Sierrasesúmaga L., Pardo-Mindán FJ. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients being treated for Ewing tumors. 3rd International Congress on soft tissue sarcomas of childhood and adolescence. Stuttgart, Alemania, Mayo 1997.

  18. Delattre O, Zucman J, Melot T, et al.: The Ewing family of tumors--a subgroup of small-round-cell tumors defined by specific chimeric transcripts. N Engl J Med 331 (5): 294-9, 1994.

  19. Delattre O, Zucman J, Melot T, Sastre X, Zucker JM, Lenoir GM, Ambros PF, Sheer D, Turc-Carel C, Triche T, Aurias A, Thomas G. The Ewing family of tumors. A subgroup of small round cell tumors defined by specific chimeric transcripts. N Engl J Med 1994;331;294-299.

  20. Dockhorn-Dworniczak B, Zoubek A, Kovar H, Craft A, Haas RJ, Gardner H, Jurgens H. Detection of Ewing’s tumor cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood samples by means of RT-PCR. A preliminary report of the EICESS 92 Molecular genetic committee. Med Ped Oncol 1996 ;27 :242A.

  21. Donaldson SS, Torrey M, Link MP, et al.: A multidisciplinary study investigating radiotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma: end results of POG #8346. Pediatric Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42 (1): 125-35, 1998.

  22. Dunst J, Jürgens H, Sauer R, et al.: Radiation therapy in Ewing's sarcoma: an update of the CESS 86 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32 (4): 919-30, 1995.

  23. Durbin M. et al. Ewing's Sarcoma masqueradin as osteomyelitis. CORR. Nº 357. 1998. p 176.

  24. Fagnou C, Michon J, Oberlin O, Peter M, Brunat-Mentigny M, Chastagner P, Leverger G, Zucker JM, Magdalenat H, Delattre O. Evaluation of minimal and residual disease in Ewing tumors at diagnosis and during treatment. Med Ped Oncol 1996 ;27 :242A.

  25. Fisher C: Synovial sarcoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2 (6): 401-21, 1998.

  26. Guidelines for the pediatric cancer center and role of such centers in diagnosis and treatment. American Academy of Pediatrics Section Statement Section on Hematology/Oncology. Pediatrics 99 (1): 139-41, 1997.

  27. Hattinger CM, Rumpler S, Strehl S, et al.: Prognostic impact of deletions at 1p36 and numerical aberrations in Ewing tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 24 (3): 243-54, 1999.

  28. Hayes FA, Thompson EI, Meyer WH, et al: Therapy for localized Ewing's sarcoma of bone. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:208-213.

  29. Kelly KM, Womer RB, Barr FG. Minimal disease detection in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method. Cancer 1996 ;78 :1320-1327.

  30. Llombart-Bosch A, Carda C, Peydro-Olaya A, et al.: Soft tissue Ewing's sarcoma. Characterization in established cultures and xenografts with evidence of a neuroectodermic phenotype. Cancer 66 (12): 2589-601, 1990.

  31. Llombart-Bosch A, Carda C, Peydro-Olaya A, Noguera R, Perez-Bacete M, Pellin A, Boix J. Soft tissue Ewing's sarcoma. Characterization in established cultures and xenografts with evidence of a neuroectodermic phenotype. Cancer. 1990 Dec 15;66(12):2589-601.

  32. Llombart-Bosch A, Contesso G, Henry-Amar M, Lacombe MJ, Oberlin O, Dubousset J, Rouesse J, Sarrazin D. Histopathological predictive factors in Ewing's sarcoma of bone and clinicopathological correlations. A retrospective study of 261 cases. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1986;409(5):627-40.

  33. Llombart-Bosch A, Contesso G, Peydro-Olaya A. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy of small round cell tumors of bone. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1996 Aug;13(3):153-70. Review.

  34. Llombart-Bosch A, Lacombe MJ, Contesso G, Peydro-Olaya A. Small round blue cell sarcoma of bone mimicking atypical Ewing's sarcoma with neuroectodermal features. An analysis of five cases with immunohistochemical and electron microscopic support. Cancer. 1987 Oct 1;60(7):1570-82.

  35. Llombart-Bosch A, Lacombe MJ, Peydro-Olaya A, Perez-Bacete M, Contesso G. Malignant peripheral neuroectodermal tumours of bone other than Askin's neoplasm: characterization of 14 new cases with immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1988;412(5):421-30.

  36. Llombart-Bosch A, Navarro S. Immunohistochemical detection of EWS and FLI-1 proteinss in Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors: comparative analysis with CD99 (MIC-2) expression. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2001 Sep;9(3):255-60.

  37. Llombart-Bosch A, Peydro-Olaya A. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of Ewing's sarcoma of bone (typical and atypical variants). An analysis of nine cases.Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1983;398(3):329-46.

  38. Llombart-Bosch A, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Peydro-Olaya A, Contesso G. Peripheral neuroectodermal sarcoma of soft tissue (peripheral neuroepithelioma): a pathologic study of ten cases with differential diagnosis regarding other small, round-cell sarcomas. Hum Pathol. 1989 Mar;20(3):273-80.

  39. Lopez-Guerrero JA, Pellin A, Noguera R, Carda C, Llombart-Bosch A. Molecular analysis of the 9p21 locus and p53 genes in Ewing family tumors. Lab Invest. 2001 Jun;81(6):803-14.

  40. Luksch R, Sampietro G, Collini P, et al.: Prognostic value of clinicopathologic characteristics including neuroectodermal differentiation in osseous Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors in children. Tumori 85 (2): 101-7, 1999 Mar-Apr.
    Meier VS, Kühne T, Jundt G, et al.: Molecular diagnosis of Ewing tumors: improved detection of EWS-FLI-1 and EWS-ERG chimeric transcripts and rapid determination of exon combinations. Diagn Mol Pathol 7 (1): 29-35, 1998.
    Meier VS, Kühne T, Jundt G, et al.: Molecular diagnosis of Ewing tumors: improved detection of EWS-FLI-1 and EWS-ERG chimeric transcripts and rapid determination of exon combinations. Diagn Mol Pathol 7 (1): 29-35, 1998.

  41. Navarro S, Cavazzana AO, Llombart-Bosch A, Triche TJ. Comparison of Ewing's sarcoma of bone and peripheral neuroepithelioma. An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural analysis of two primitive neuroectodermal neoplasms. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1994 Jun;118(6):608-15.

  42. Navarro S, Gonzalez-Devesa M, Ferrandez-Izquierdo A, Triche TJ, Llombart-Bosch A. Scanning electron microscopic evidence for neural differentiation in Ewing's sarcoma cell lines. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1990;416(5):383-91.

  43. Nesbit ME, Gehan EA, Burgert EO, et al.: Multimodal therapy for the management of primary, nonmetastatic Ewing's sarcoma of bone: a long-term follow-up of the First Intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 8 (10): 1664-74, 1990.

  44. Noguera R, Pellin A, Navarro S, Carda C, Llombart-Bosch A. Translocation (10;11;22)(p14;q24;q12) characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization in a case of Ewing's tumor. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2001 Mar;10(1):2-8.

  45. Noguera R, Triche TJ, Navarro S, Tsokos M, Llombart-Bosch A. Dynamic model of differentiation in Ewing's sarcoma cells. Comparative analysis of morphologic, immunocytochemical, and oncogene expression parameters. Lab Invest. 1992 Feb;66(2):143-51.

  46. Oberlin O, Deley MC, Bui BN, et al.: French Society of Paediatric Oncology: Prognostic factors in localized Ewing's tumours and peripheral neuroectodermal tumours: the third study of the French Society of Paediatric Oncology (EW88 study). Br J Cancer 85 (11): 1646-54, 2001.

  47. Ouchida M, Ohno T, Fujimura Y, Rao VN, Reddy ES. Loss of tumorigenicity of Ewing's sarcoma cells expressing antisense RNA to EWS-fusion transcripts. Oncogene 1995;11:1049-54.

  48. Ozaki T, Paulussen M, Poremba C, et al.: Genetic imbalances revealed by comparative genomic hybridization in Ewing tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 32 (2): 164-71, 2001.

  49. Pagani A, Fischer-Colbrie R, Eder U, Pellin A, Llombart-Bosch A, Bussolati G. Neural and mesenchymal differentiations in Ewing's sarcoma cell lines. Morphological, immunophenotypic, molecular biological and cytogenetic evidence.Int J Cancer. 1995 Nov 27;63(5):738-43.

  50. Parham DM, Hijazi Y, Steinberg SM, et al.: Neuroectodermal differentiation in Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors does not predict tumor behavior. Hum Pathol 30 (8): 911-8, 1999.

  51. Parham DM. The molecular biology of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Sem Diagn Pathol 1994;11:39-46.

  52. Paulussen M, Ahrens S, Dunst J, et al.: Localized Ewing tumor of bone: final results of the cooperative Ewing's Sarcoma Study CESS 86. J Clin Oncol 19 (6): 1818-29, 2001.

  53. Pellin A, Boix J, Blesa JR, Noguera R, Carda C, Llombart-Bosch A. EWS/FLI-1 rearrangement in small round cell sarcomas of bone and soft tissue detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(6):827-31.

  54. Perlman EJ, Dickman PS, Askin FB, et al.: Ewing's sarcoma--routine diagnostic utilization of MIC2 analysis: a Pediatric Oncology Group/Children's Cancer Group Intergroup Study. Hum Pathol 25 (3): 304-7, 1994.

  55. Pritchard DJ, Dahlin DC, Dauphine RT, et al: Ewing's sarcoma. A clinicopathological and statistical analysis of patients surviving 5 years or longer. J Bone Joint Surg 1975;57A:10-16.

  56. Raney RB, Asmar L, Newton WA, et al.: Ewing's sarcoma of soft tissues in childhood: a report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study, 1972 to 1991. J Clin Oncol 15 (2): 574-82, 1997.

  57. Rosito P, Mancini AF, Rondelli R, et al.: Italian Cooperative Study for the treatment of children and young adults with localized Ewing sarcoma of bone: a preliminary report of 6 years of experience. Cancer 86 (3): 421-8, 1999.

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